CUS4020 Digital Humanities
Week 3: Data Presentation and XML
Chaak-ming LAU
Department of Linguistics and Modern Language Studies 19 Sep 2023
Week 3 – Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
By the end of this class, students will be able to:
1. Understand the distinction between data and presentation
2. Encode humanities data in basic XML
3. Use a XSLT transformation sheet to display hierarchical data
Spreadsheets
Migration sheet
CUS4020.2c Migration
● Pay attention to ○ Consistency
○ Blank rows/columns
● Possible Classification
● Controlled Vocabulary
1. Create separate sheets for data/metadata and metadata specification
2. Set up a controlled vocabulary
3. Configure validation rules to reject or highlight incorrect values
Data Collection
● Now, add your own rows CUS4020.2c Migration
Presentation 1
● Simple Charts
Proportion: Pictogram
Proportion: Stacked Bar Chart
Presentation 2
● Download he annotated sheet as CSV
● Upload the file to RawGraphs
● Generate an alluvial diagram
https://app.rawgraphs.io/
Data ←→ Presentation
● Same set of data can be processed, interpreted, presented in different ways.
● They should be kept as two separate layers.
“Asia Ex-HK” may be difficult to understand. How should we fix it?
1. Go to the data table, and use a different label for this, e.g. Asia, excluding Hong Kong
2. Add a footnote to the charts
Tabular data vs Hierarchical Data
https://teibyexample.org/tutorials/TBED03v00.htm?target=structure
Limitation of tabular data
● Information about a particular item can be presented in a tabular format
○ Each column represents one element
■ Field name header (first row)
■ Values subsequent rows
● But what if we need to …
○ add more than one creator?
○ specify the surname and given name of each creator?
● XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language for encoding documents in a way that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
● It is used to represent hierarchical data.
“The term markup language comes from the publishing term to mark up, meaning to annotate sections of a text for proper typesetting.”
http://www.ultraslavonic.info/intro-to-xml/
L** K** T***
● The same record can
be represented in different structures
● Tabular data is neat but does not work well for text-encoding tasks
L** K** T***
20230120
Tuen Mun
Chinese
800
● Hierarchical representation
● User-defined tags
● Well-defined syntax
● Excellent software support
Let’s look at more examples.
http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/examples/shakespeare/r_and_j.xml
Romeo and Juliet in XML
● Pay attention to the structure of this file.
程序代写 CS代考 加微信: cstutorcs
A song catalogue in XML
and <artist> are tags.<br />
<cd> is a tag.<br />
Example from W3Schools<br />
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <catalog><br />
<title>Ave Maria Franz Schubert 1825
Piano Concerto No. 1 Pyotr Tchaikovsky 1874
Jazz Suite, Waltz No. 2</ title> <artist>Dmitri Shostakovich</artist> <year>1938</year><br />
</cd> </catalog></p>
<p> Let’s return to our earlier dataset<br />
L** K** T***<br />
● Consider expanding this table to include more information.<br />
● What additional metadata can be added to this set of data to investigate our preference?</p>
<p> Adding more columns to the table?<br />
● We can add …<br />
○ Location<br />
■ Name of the restaurant<br />
○ Food items<br />
■ ← Multiple values<br />
● There is no way to decide how many food items there will be when the system is designed.<br />
○ Let’s go hierarchical! ← XML</p>
<p> Opening XML files<br />
● Most browsers can display XML files in a hierarchical fashion.<br />
● You can use a text editor to edit XML files<br />
■ Vscode.dev is highly recommended for this purpose ■ OxygenXML (paid)</p>
<p> ● Let’s have a closer look at how XML files are structured. ○ We should be able to handcraft some XML files<br />
Code Help, Add WeChat: cstutorcs<br />
XML structure Let’s look at an XML element<br />
<head>Introduction</head><br />
– <head> is the opening tag (or start tag) – </head> is the closing tag (or end tag)<br />
– head is the name of the tag<br />
The two tags and everything in between are the three components of an element.</p>
<p>Tags must be nested properly.<br />
That means this is not allowed:<br />
<sentence>This is a <bold>sentence.</sentence><br />
<sentence>This is important.</bold></sentence> This is OK:<br />
<sentence>This is a <bold>sentence.</bold></sentence> <sentence><bold>This is important.</bold></sentence></p>
<p> Self-closing tags for empty elements<br />
<head/> is equivalent to <head></head></p>
<p> Declaration<br />
This line here is called the declaration, which is here for the processor.<br />
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></p>
<p> Attributes<br />
name is an attribute of meal, which can take the value breakfast. type is an attribute of item, and it can take the values food or drink.<br />
Example 2 <poem xml:id="P1" status="draft"> … </poem>
<p> Note that …<br />
1. XML is case sensitive.<br />
<food> and <FooD> are different!<br />
2. All content should be placed within a tag. Feel free to add whitespace, tabs or newlines between different tags for clarity.<br />
<a href="https://tutorcs.com/">Programming Help</a><br />
You will be provided with an XML template: This is how it will be displayed:<br />
How would you modify the XML file to create your own content?</p>
<p>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nIY tAKyRUwfeHNo8dJSDxCrvMjzOFQvB7d qJyk7cVTk/edit?usp=sharing<br />
Modify the your XML fragment with some additional fields and some additional constraints.<br />
1. Your fragment should follow the XML format.<br />
2. In addition to existing fields, we need to add at least one food or drink item.<br />
3. A meal type can be named either breakfast, lunch or dinner.<br />
<meal type="dinner"><br />
<creator>L** K** T***</creator><br />
<date>20230120</date><br />
<location>Tuen Mun</location><br />
<cuisine>Chinese</cuisine><br />
<food>peking duck</food><br />
<drink>tea</drink>
<price>800</price>
<p> XML + XSLT<br />
● XML files are not designed to be read directly.<br />
○ XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) can be applied<br />
to an XML to transform an XML file into a desirable format. ○ Omeka does this for you, but with a general template.</p>
<p> XML + XSLT<br />
● XML contains the data<br />
● XSLT describes the<br />
presentation of the data →<br />
http://xsltransform.net/<br />
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><br />
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <xsl:output method="html" doctype-public="XSLT-compat" omit-xml-declaration="yes" encoding="UTF-8" indent="yes" /><br />
<xsl:template match="/"><br />
<html><body></p>
<h2>My Favorite Songs</h2>
<table border="1">
<tr bgcolor="#3dd2ed">
<th style="text-align:left">Title</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Artist</th>
</tr>
<p><xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd"> </p>
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="artist"/></td>
</tr>
<p></xsl:for-each><br />
</table>
<p> </body></html> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet></p>
<p> Another example of XML transformation<br />
Edit Your XML fragments here.</p>
<p> ← XML file (=Data)<br />
← XSL Stylesheet<br />
← Resulting HTML</p>
<p> DH Exercise #3 (5%, take-home assignment)<br />
Create your own HTML content on methods of incorporating digital humanities into the field of your major studies.<br />
Step 1: Prepare XML file<br />
➢ Recall the previous exercise – what should be modified?</p>
<p> DH Exercise #3 (5%, take-home assignment)<br />
Step 2: Prepare XSL Stylesheet<br />
➢ You will be provided with the XSL Stylesheet for exercise 1.<br />
➢ In order to match your XML file for exercise 2, what should be modified?<br />
Try using http://xsltransform.net/ to check if your XML and XSL files work!</p>
<p> DH Exercise #3 (5%, take-home assignment)<br />
Step 3: Submission ➢ Submit your<br />
(1) XML file<br />
(2) XSL file<br />
(3) a screenshot of the HTML generated with your XML and XSL files<br />
to https://forms.gle/3vDTasK1cVtZGidYA</p>
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